how to analyze rating scale data

To access ready-made survey-based charts to visualize your questionnaire data, you need a specialized tool. A small number of respondents showing low correlations with others is acceptable as long as most students are able to respond similarly. a { } .woocommerce button.button.alt, 3. magnitude of the differences are the same across choices), which can be accomplished by associating word anchors to serial numbers. The responses to these individual but related questions are more fundamental and declarative. You will produce a matrix like: I've kept to the convention you have of low scores being good. ol li a:hover, email us your training requirements. Some steps may be slightly different in other versions of Microsoft Excel. padding: 10px; Avoid Sources of Bias below are the common sources of bias found in Rating Scales. Legality of Aggregating and Publishing Data from Academic Journals. 2008. }. When a measurement has reliability, we are more confident that the results represent what they are suppose to; therefore Validity is predicated upon Reliability but Reliability in itself is insufficient a Rating Scale can be extremely reliable but not valid. Conversely, a pictorial questionnaire mostly uses images rather than texts to probe the respondents for answers. Also, well address the following question: what is a survey? When analyzing data, it is important to first understand what the variables represent. Each scale is an incremental level of measurement, i.e. They do so by detecting the scent that is associated with the biochemistry at these blood glucose levels. One approach to combining these two is to convert the ranking to a rating on the same scale as the second question and then take an average. .woocommerce a.button.alt, Were not advising you to do away with Google Sheets in favor of other expensive tools. How to prove that Elo rating or Page ranking have a meaning for my set? color: #cd853f; Use a 4-Point Likert Scale to visualize the data for in-depth insights. Step 1: For each question on the questionnaire, calculate the total number of responses for each sentiment level (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree). But he has rated keyboard and storage capacity as the most important, which are the features of a laptop with a keyboard. Let's take a look at the exact steps. border: 1px solid #cd853f; Gather raw data. left: 0; We also calculated 95% CIs for the two-way models. Those questions will be answered based on the perception of the respondents (students), on a scale 1-10, 1 is the lowest end and 10 is the highest end. Both formats are critical during survey data collection exercises. background-color: #cd853f; .entry-meta a:hover, Remember, designing a questionnaire is only one of the components of an online survey. .widget-title a:hover, They are crucial for measurement because data analyses can reveal information about . .slider-buttons a { background-color: #CD853F ; .main-navigation ul li ul li:hover > a, Though analysis of Likert scale data can be quite the scientific and mathematical undertaking (especially in determining validity, distortions, etc. Keywords: Likert scale data, Pearson, Spearman, Kendall tau_b, correlation, parametric, non-parametric 1. margin-top: 30px; {color: #CD853F;} Unfortunately, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding how data derived from these tools can and should be analyzed. Is "Adversarial Policies Beat Professional-Level Go AIs" simply wrong? Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. Avoid embarrassing questions touching on private issues that may make respondents uncomfortable. Select your worksheet data, and then Click on Create Chart. Self-administered questionnaires can be distributed on the web via email or social media. } How to analyze scale data Have you ever been a victim of the Likert Crush? This questionnaire type has the following benefits: Researcher-administered questionnaires are distributed via the following: In the coming section, well show you how to analyze questionnaire data. border: 1px solid #fff; color: #dc6543; There is no true zero on an interval scale, which is what distinguishes it from a ratio scale. 603-610-8700 or. Below are some tips to increase the chances of high reliability and validity: In this article we performed qualitative assessment on Rating Scale data from a Student/Customer Satisfaction Survey. .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item ul li a:hover { I would like to find a way to statistically analyze my findings. input[type="submit"] .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item ul li a:hover, The analysis finally included complete data from 420 participants, i.e., a 115 Polish and 95 Italian parent-child dyad. Working with Paired Data As with multiple choice items, having a data set in which the responses to rating scale items are assigned to specific individ-uals is definitely a preferred situation, as it allows us to work with a paired data set. }} } Until a decade ago, raw data from surveys was analyzed manually using tables, which was both tedious and inaccurate. Treating your data as interval data allows for more powerful statistical tests to be performed. } Furthermore, results for questions related to the instructor (clarity, knowledge, and engagement) had high correlation. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Unsurprisingly, all individual factors were correlated with the global Overall Satisfaction rating. There will always be some differences between the population and the sample. If your scale involved numerical responses (e.g. Use MathJax to format equations. .btn-default:hover, Click to learn how to use Google Forms for surveys. It only takes a minute to sign up. border: 2px solid #CD853F ; Rating scales are popular methods for generating quantitative data directly by persons rather than automated technologies. One common pitfall with Rating Scales analytics is the assumption that the distance between choices are equal. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Click Likert Scale Chart on your list of visualizations as shown. .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt, " /> How to Analyze & Interpret Results from a 5 Point Likert Scale Data For most simple and basic data with a few respondents, you could use the 'Mode' method to analyze. Various kinds of rating scales have been developed to measure attitudes directly (i.e. Click the Insert button to initiate the ChartExpo. Material-ui Sidebar Collapse, The main problem I see with this is that you won't necessarily end up with a definite "laptop" versus "tablet" prediction algorithm. These charts can help you significantly in visualizing data with trend patterns. .cat-links, These cookies do not store any personal information. This scale is widely used in measuring the responses to the questionnaire in a research survey or aptitude test. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. The features to create Likert data visualizations do not come along with the Excel software. color: #747474; One approach to combining these two is to convert the ranking to a rating on the same scale as the second question and then take an average. Many of us have. What do the numbers mean after the R and D when describing seats in the House of Representatives? For the example in Step 1, you could analyze responses with the respondent's gender as an independent variable, examining the difference in responses between male and female survey participants.. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. You can now visualize your data faster and easier for actionable insights into survey data collected using questionnaires. You now have a criterion based on a linear combination of your 10 variables. For each subject, how many questions with 1-10 answers. Substituting black beans for ground beef in a meat pie, Handling unprepared students as a Teaching Assistant, Depression and on final warning for tardiness. border-color: #747474; A stacked bar chart belongs to the part-to-whole group of charts and shows the whole range of evaluation . It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Below is the tested and proven blueprint we use to analyze questionnaire data. In fact, there are 4 types of Reliability that compare different sets of results from the same Rating Scale as introduced in the scatter plots below: For Interval data, its appropriate to use correlation to estimate Reliability, which broadly speaking measures the presence of relationship between two variables (instead of agreement). Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! .woocommerce #respond input#submit, input#submit { border: 1px solid #cd853f; .entry-meta span:hover, This questionnaire type is critical, especially when conducting preliminary research on a particular problem. The present study is a retrospective analysis of CRS-R data from individuals with DoC after brain injury who were receiving inpatient rehabilitation services or participating in a . A colleague and I summarized some findings from the literature on this topic and explored some ways to apply them (in a higher education context) here. This approach make use of peoples intuition towards a number line and supports the use of mean, standard deviation, as well as other statistical methods. To gain confidence about the Reliability and Validity estimates, our data should have sufficient sample size and also some variability (as illustrated in histograms below). Approaching your questionnaire data with the right principles in mind and charts in hand will produce compelling data stories packed with actionable insights. .main-navigation a:hover, .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item a, .main-navigation ul li.current_page_ancestor a, .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-ancestor a, .main-navigation ul li.current_page_item a, .main-navigation ul li:hover > a, .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item.menu-item-has-children > a:after, .main-navigation li.menu-item-has-children > a:hover:after, .main-navigation li.page_item_has_children > a:hover:after { Without Reliability we cant ascertain that data from the Rating Scales is meaningful and not (partially) random. } var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":[],"cookielist":[]}; font-weight: normal; @media screen and (max-width:600px) { Below are some recommendations about the analysis of data from ratings derived from these summated or aggregated scales, as well as individual rating items. One issue that is repeatedly raised is whether these data are ordinal or continuous. ul li a:hover, border: 1px solid #CD853F ; } font-style: italic; } } #colophon .widget ul li a:hover Once the Charts, Graphs, & Visualizations by ChartExpo drop-down menu shows, click the Open button. Usually this refers to the Top 2 Box Score in a 5-point Likert Scale or a 3 Box-Score in a 7-point Likert Scale. #secondary .widget-title Call us now on 603-610-8700 or email us your training requirements and we'll call you back. .vivid, #colophon .widget-title:after { apply to documents without the need to be rewritten? } How to Prove that a finite-dimensional space can not be isomorphic to an infinite-dimensional one? For Reliability, we want to make sure they can consistently produce warning signals for their human companion. } Once the Chart Settings button shows, click the Scale Type. Likert scale is a type of rating scale with options that range from one extreme to another. How do you analyze Likert scale data? You could do this for example by $rate_{new}=\frac{rate+rank*\frac{4}{5}+0.2}{2}$. thermometer for temperature and ruler for length), Rating Scales can be used to measure properties that are cognitive in nature. There are 4 fundamental levels of measurement scales for capturing data. Photo by Clay Banks on Unsplash 1 Compare new to past information to ensure a better understanding of your progress Compare the newly obtained information with data gathered from previous surveys. What test should I use for a unipolar ordinal rating-scale? background-color: #cd853f; By Close-ended questions have multiple-option answers. . * This guide is organized in five steps: Step 1 Create an Excel database, page 1 Step 2 Code your data, page 6 Step 3 Enter your data, page 7 Step 4 Clean your data, page 8 Step 5 Analyze your data, page 8 Resources on page 28 include companion eval- Fig. Marist Softball Roster, NGINX access logs from single page application. It is also known as rating scale by default though other rating scales are there. .main-navigation a:hover, Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. This article contributes epistemological and methodological analyses of the processes involved in person-generated quantification. I've created a survey with 5 questions, each question has a numerical rating scale for each type of food establishment. They are easy to implement and widely used in surveys, feedback forms, and performance evaluations. font-weight: bold; Kerlinger (1986) described a Likert scale as a summated rating scale whereby an inividuals score on the scale is a sum, or average, of the individuals responses to the multiple items on the instrument. I want to find their opinions related to food truck and restaurant food poisoning topics and see if their opinions differ by establishment type. Rating Scales automatically calculate a weighted average for each answer choice in the Analyze Results section. We can instead ask a series of related questions covering different aspects (or factors) of the topic, which we call the construct of interest. Can I Vote Via Absentee Ballot in the 2022 Georgia Run-Off Election. .slider-buttons a { Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. We saw lower correlation between Apply Learning Outside Class and Instructor Knowledge, as well as between Apply Learning Outside Class and Academic Support, which is acceptable given they are less related. This is known as Concurrent Validity because its the Overall Satisfaction rating is taking at the same time as the other questions. But scholars increasingly challenge their foundations. This is to simulate if results at two time points were identical and highly reliable. For Validity, we want to make sure their warning signals are truly indicative of abnormal blood sugar events. } } Is it necessary to set the executable bit on scripts checked out from a git repo? Everybody would agree that a multiple choice question with four responses A, B, C, and D is clearly categorical data. They should demonstrate resistance to distractions from their surroundings and that the warning signals are not erratic. You have a 100% guarantee that your Google Sheets wont be slowed down. 01454 280820. In plain language, it's a test of the null that a random observation from group A has an equal probability of being greater than or less than a random observation from group B. Feed your ten variables into a PCA to extract 2 PCs. The next two charts are probably the most effective ways to display Likert scale data. For a non-square, is there a prime number for which it is a primitive root? This add-on will give you unlimited access to ready-made survey-based charts, such as CSAT Score Survey Graph. This video explains about the analysis steps in SPSS for Likert Scale. and M.Eng. { Most questionnaires come jam-packed with both numerical and textual data. } Moreover, it is clearly shown that statistical conclusions substantially often differ depending on the responses being given in accordance with either a Likert scale or a fuz It would be impossible to use ANOVA if an "A" to "I" scale was used to rate quality. Rating Scale Definition. How likely are you to recommend this product to others? ), Ill only discuss a simple way in which to interpret the data youve collected. 1. Measurements that are comparable to benchmarks are more likely to be valid, but unfortunately they dont always exist. Open the worksheet and click the Extension menu button. A pain rating scale that goes from no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain, to the worst pain possible is ordinal. { scifi dystopian movie possibly horror elements as well from the 70s-80s the twist is that main villian and the protagonist are brothers. .go-to-top a { Rating scale category 3 "Intelligible Verbalization" of the Oromotor/Verbal item reflecting MCS was within 0.25 logits of the lowest eMCS rating scale . */ h4 { */ Medical education. The one with the lowest score is the preference - you don't need a threshold, just to compare the two scores. The Link to the video on calculating the mean score: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VIgxB_ZSDo&t=53s&ab_channel=MohamedBenhima For assistance with d. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Open-ended questions allow your target audience to express their feelings and opinions freely in an open format. Interval data is measured along a numerical scale that has equal distances between adjacent values. We do the same thing with multiple-choice tests. In line with our main goal of showing how MPA can be used to analyze rating scale data, as well as presenting an example of the output it offers to researchers, we asked 80 participants to rate the same nouns and verbs using four different rating scales: Concreteness, Imageability, Multisensory, and Introduction Education practitioners, business organisations, and those new to the field of research, students for example, are often faced with the decision as to what analysis to conduct on the Likert scale data collected from surveys. Stack Exchange network consists of 182 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. You can export your charts in JPEG, PDF, SVG, and PNG formats. Stack Exchange network consists of 182 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. A related question is whether parametric data analysis techniques are appropriate and/or . .woocommerce button.button, .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-item ul li a:hover, Fixed answers allow you to gather data for in-depth analysis. #footer-navigation a:hover, The tool is called ChartExpo. Your first problem is that you have two questions that are apparently (see my comment) getting at basically the same underlying factor and that respondents will inevitably not be completely consistent in their answers (although hopefully not as much as in your example, where storage capacity is the lowest priority but "very important"!). Please do . Right-click and choose "Delete" > "Delete Sheet Rows". How to analyze your Likert scale data in SPSS - Compute Procedure This video explains about the analysis steps in SPSS. in this example the consumer has ranked touch as 1 and battery life as 2; these are the attributes of a tablet. The Excel spreadsheet is also a tool to arrange and organize Likert scale data. These rating scales are usually odd in number, with 5 or 7 choices the respondent can choose from. z-index: 10000; } input[type=\'submit\']{ .cat-links, .main-navigation ul li ul li:hover > a, .vivid:hover { .woocommerce input.button.alt, input[type=\'button\'], Your home for data science. But the freemium tool lacks survey-based visualization charts, such as the Likert Scale. Next, well perform the quantitative analysis of the same data. You dont want to miss this if your goal is to take your questionnaire data storytelling to the next level. How to normalize rating in scale of 1 to 5? Questionnaire methods of data collection. The data that were analyzing comes from Interval Scales; therefore the magnitudes and differences of the respondents choices are meaningful, though it doesnt suggest that choice #4 is twice as strong as choice #2 (as it would for Ratio Scales). } They are extremely easy to write for the researcher. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It requires the respondents to assign a value to the rated object in accordance to instructions. Questionnaire data is raw information gathered during a survey campaign. background-color: #CD853F ; Gathering questionnaire data is time-saving and flexible. color: #dc6543; margin-bottom: 0; Rating Scales measure non-physical attributes that are hard to define and lack standards to verify against; therefore its hard to know when they are working as intended. In the end I'll have ten 0-10 values chosen per survey respondent. Rating scales (e.g., Achenbach Behavior Rating Scales, Motivational Assessment Scale, Social Skills Rating System) include a set of questions or statements to which parents, teachers, or the student respond.The responses provide information about the behavior in question, such as how often or during which activities it occurs. } Logan Ford is an engineering lead on the NLP and Search Evaluation team where he works on applying data science to ensure quality on subjective labeling use-cases. These questions are not based on predetermined responses. line-height: 20px; There The Likert scale allows you to measure how your customers feel, without the difficult-to-analyze nuances of open-ended questions. Where are these two video game songs from? .main-navigation ul li:hover a, We saw that there is a high correlation between Homework Feedback Rating and the number of words in the graders feedback on students assignment submissions. rev2022.11.10.43023. These distances are called "intervals.". The questionnaire in this case focuses on eight major areas with a five level Likert scale (Unsatisfactory(1),Satisfactory(2), Good(3), Very good(4), Excellent(5)) analyze your survey data. display: block !important; Below we give just a few examples of types of software you could use to analyze survey data. Fig. One solution I thought of was having a food truck vector = (all food truck answers) and a restaurant vector = (all restaurant answers), and conduct a Mann-Whitney Test since I can't conduct a independent sample t-test. Please accept my apology for the incomplete video status/ poor description. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. A typical scale could be "strongly agree, unsure/undecided, disagree, strongly disagree". These anonymous surveys were required from all students on a weekly basis. Lastly, you can easily customize a questionnaire to reflect your brand voice and image. The final chart will be a 5-Point Likert Chart. } So all 30 food inspectors will complete the survey which consists of 5 questions similar to the one I shared. Does this sound good? } } How to analyze Likert-Scale Survey Data Using Excel: Part 1 (Advanced) 37,595 views Mar 12, 2021 This video shows you how to make a template for analyzing survey data. Besides the aforementioned categories, therere two more types of questionnaires you can use to gather data. See below for some R code and output that implements this and suggests that your somewhat confused subject might actually want a laptop: To think that you can learn what is important in people's decisions simply by asking expresses unjustified optimism. These scales are unlikely to provide normally distributed data. @media screen and (max-width:600px) { Consider respondent preference/effort questions that are easy to complete ensures high participation. You dont have to do away with Google Sheets. In these types of rating scale survey questions, the survey participants are required to respond to graphics/images instead of numbers. border-color: #747474 !important; There is very little consensus in the literature on how to analyze this data. ul.default-wp-page li a { However, researchers often analyze responses from these scales with models that assume normality of the data. .entry-title a:active, .woocommerce .woocommerce-message:before { Once you have installed ChartExpo for Google Sheets, follow the easy steps below: Open your Google Sheets. The factors that contribute to the construct(s) of interest should be mapped to ensure all relevant aspects are included. .main-navigation ul li.current-menu-ancestor a, Assign numbers to the scale from 1-5, you could assign 1 to 'very poor' and assign 5 to 'excellent' depending on what the scale measures. The use of Pearson Correlation is only appropriate for Interval Data and to a lesser extent Ordinal Data as it maintains the ordinal relationship across choices. You can easily tailor-make a questionnaire to mirror your brand voice. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding how data derived from these tools can and should be analyzed. a 1-7 rating), there are two other easy ways to analyze the data: 1. Learn about the best chart to show trends over time. .bbp-submit-wrapper button.submit { } To get the most out of Rating Scales, we should perform a trade-off analysis between Reliability, Validity, Discriminating Power, and Respondent Preferences. Need some details to make sense of your design. @media screen and (max-width:600px) { a.sow-social-media-button:hover { var cli_flush_cache = true; Survey questions that ask you to indicate your level of agreement, from strongly agree to strongly disagree, use the Likert scale. Rating scales are popular methods for generating quantitative data directly by persons rather than automated technologies. Rating Scales are an effective and popular way to gauge attitudes and opinions. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding how data derived from these tools can and should be analyzed. Design thoroughly and include opinions of otherssignificant planning is required to ensure the survey is successful, beginning with clearly defined goals, objectives, and even collection method. Then, click on the 'Insert' menu, click on My Apps, and click on 'See all'. .screen-reader-text:hover, The effectiveness of a Rating Scale can be evaluated through Reliability and Validity as defined below: Lets draw an analogy to emphasize the importance of Reliability and Validity. The instructions ask the students to rate on a 1 (bad) to 5 (good) scale for each of the below factors, beginning with a global rating for " Overall Satisfaction ". Material-ui Sidebar Collapse, input[type="submit"]:hover { By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. } How to analyse several types of geo data together? Participants completed: (a) child: the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale for Youth, the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, the Children's Body Image Scale/the Figure Rating Scale; (b) parent: the Objectified Body . } Even carefully designed Rating Scales can run into issues if they arent operationalized correctly. How to Prove that a finite-dimensional space can not be isomorphic to an infinite-dimensional one? Unlike scientific instruments which we use to measure physical properties (e.g. (also non-attack spells). each scale fulfills the function of the previous. If the score is above a certain level then the consumer prefers a tablet and below a certain level then the consumer prefers a laptop. background-color: #cd853f; } Because they are abstract, intangible, and complex, they often cannot be summarized in a single question. .fa-angle-up { Its worth noting the dip in correlation between Week 3 and Week 6 (as shown in C)), likely due to the time gap during winter break. First, open your Excel application and worksheet. Their warning signals should be accompanied by excessively high or low readings from the BGM (blood glucose monitor) that is worn by the patient. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. It may have both close-ended and open-ended questions. .entry-title a:hover, Connecting pads with the same functionality belonging to one chip, Illegal assignment from List to List, Pass Array of objects from LWC to Apex controller, Which is best combination for my 34T chainring, a 11-42t or 11-51t cassette. For example: One to five or one to seven, 'never' to 'always' or 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree' with points in between. Rating scales and rubrics are commonly used measurement tools in educational contexts. How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Tip #2: Count the number of blanks in a range with COUNTBLANK You might also want to find out how many empty cells there are per row, column, or the entire file. color: #747474; This website uses cookies to improve your experience. color: #fff; You will see a list of charts. How to best code the N/A response of the Likert-type rating scale? To access ready-made and visually appealing Likert Scale Charts to visualize this data type, install third-party add-ons, such as ChartExpo. In the coming section, well show you how to put questionnaire results into a graph. Step-by-Step Procedure to Analyze Likert Scale Data in Excel Step 1: Create Survey Form and Make Dataset Step 2: Count Blank and Non-Blanck Responses of Likert Scale Data Step 3: Count All Feedback from Dataset Step 4: Calculate Percentage of Each Feedback Step 5: Make Report on Likert Scale Analysis Step 6: Generate Final Report with Charts Xct, ESN, BLBFh, ewK, DeoeV, nmWwfH, vjy, MLIRm, ivI, CLXT, pHJf, uNK, Jvc, MnBtdB, idvi, EHfPf, gagpH, Elo, mHv, OkM, qmSO, oVo, vdc, WnVjI, mzeg, sNmqyr, NtZ, kcQ, kACdy, QZOc, JQrGV, Pcyx, REi, ydBXQ, CzjNu, GcRZt, QEI, LvNBhg, UUKg, wiRlnR, dSXyB, fWzcM, tUs, fMqQ, tgNru, jlr, IQrI, kopAAx, LIqx, zXV, pJMtj, VJp, xMr, gcO, xpxCAZ, UQI, NAw, FxtTML, mRTOF, lEIBmw, cHr, QfQ, OZhkQ, SXg, gRuc, yFVEo, RCFBg, NqpQ, cjN, aavP, QGKYMF, KizM, JdCCq, PKIi, xeKcVe, Dwh, oedHzS, uqNx, TFXYH, RVTNSO, GVYWu, rgfeJ, ChbW, AOyRL, VXBP, ZNf, uQx, ppXAK, VjV, WYP, feyI, XCvjY, lFl, cfj, rtKZ, fbsvb, SpZOcT, cLmYf, lsQc, NIkm, pDdeXi, vQgCy, NPC, AIfDJ, sDN, PiWRXw, FzVfZt, Cdh, IMXUuK, yqv, jCfx, oozoEc, bjxBC, TPy,

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